Resources
Consult Core Econ’s Fact checker for a detailed list of sources.
Exercises
- Exercise 1: Debt-to-GDP ratio in other countries
- Exercise 2: Plotting the dynamics of debt
- Exercise 3: Using the debt dynamics equation
- Exercise 4: Causes and consequences of sovereign default
- Exercise 5: The role of fiscal councils
Figures
- Figure 1: Gross and net debt as a share of GDP, selected countries, 2020.
- Figure 2: Evolution of the debt-to-GDP ratio in the U.S. (expressed in percentage terms), 1790–2020.
- Figure 3: Interest expense and government debt, 2007–2021.
- Figure 4: Real interest rate estimated from inflation linked bonds in high-income economies and the U.S.
- Figure 5: 700 years of global r−g for the now-advanced (high-income) economies.
- Figure 6: Geometric representation of the debt dynamic equation.
- Figure 7: Evolution of the debt-to-GDP ratio under different assumptions for d, g, and r.
- Figure 8: Debt-to-GDP ratio in advanced and emerging economies.
- Figure 9: Drivers of the increase of the debt-to-GDP ratio over 2019 to 2020.
- Figure 10: Public debt ratio in Germany, 1910–1938.
